ABSTRACT
India is one of the top ten industrialized countries of global importance. But industries release waste products, which exert negative influences by causing toxicity to biotic organisms and environment. Liquid wastes of industries termed as effluents are characterized with possession of organic and inorganic compounds that evolve with varying levels of toxicity based on the type of industry and its bi-product. Recycling of treated effluent serves as an alternative to tie over water scarcity in sustainable agriculture. On the other hand, dilutions of industrial effluents serves as growth stimulants at an optimal concentration and influences the seed and seedling quality characters and aids in improving the productivity of crops. The safe levels of dilutions expressing the seed invigourative effect are reviewed hereunder, which could serve as a solution for disposal of effluent in agriculture in an effective manner.
ABSTRACT
Lyotropic liquid crystal is an ordered system with various geometric shapes or three-dimensional structures formed by the interaction of amphiphilic molecules dissolved in polar solvents, and has the characteristics of excellent drug applicability, high drug loading, good bioadhesive property and high transdermal permeability. Through a comprehensive analysis of the research results in this research group and the related research reports of LLC drug delivery system, the authors systematically discussed the research value, development potential and research status of LLC in the field of new drug delivery system of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), especially in the percutaneous and mucosal drug delivery system and the oral microparticle drug delivery system of TCM. At the same time, due to the current research field of TCM-LLC drug delivery system starts late, many of the basic research problems to be further perfect, this paper had carried on the induction summary to these problems, and put forward the research countermeasures:①the basic research of TCM-LLC drug delivery system should be strengthened by referencing the research experience and methods of LLC drug delivery system of single chemical component combined with TCM characteristics, ②the research on the release mechanism of the chemical components in TCM should be strengthened, and the basic research on the LLC drug delivery system of synchronized sustained release TCM should be carried out, ③development of new LLC materials applicable to TCM, ④the quality evaluation system of TCM-LLC should be improved, ⑤to explore the LLC preparation process suitable for industrialization.
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Although the country has promulgated a list of 100 classical famous formula,there are still many confusions and choices in the development of compound preparations from classical prescriptions. In this paper,the development strategy of classical formula compound preparation was elaborated from three aspects:the evaluation of draggability,the consideration of industrialization and the clinical orientation. The draggability evaluation includes pharmacy and preclinical safety. It should focus on the factors such as substance benchmark,dosage,toxic herbal medicines,clinical use and so on. Industrialization considerations need to focus on how to use modern industrialization methods to prepare modern compound preparations with the same quality as material benchmarks. The use of extracts may be an effective way to solve the problems of low utilization rate of decoction pieces and inadequate industrial advantages. Clinical orientation should be clear about the main effect,take into account the secondary effect, pay attention to the negative effect, and consider the level of clinical value. A series of corresponding development strategies and ideas are proposed in order to provide references for enterprises and researchers who select and layout classical famous formula, to promote the development of classical prescription compound preparation.
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Recently, drug-loading microspheres prepared from biodegradable polymers have attracted great attentions. It is a hot topic in the research of pharmaceutical preparations because it can be used to control release of the drug. The selection of suitable polymer materials and production technology are the key factors for preparing sustained release microspheres. With the launching of many control release microspheres, the technology has been developed into a mature technology, and it has been shown to be controllable and industrialized. This paper mainly introduces the industrialized production technology of microspheres and some new technologies for preparing microspheres, as well as the drugs that have been marketed.
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From the view-point of a front-line research team in clinical laboratory medicine , the advantages of microfluidic technology and its prospect in the field of in vitro diagnosis ( IVD) were reviewed in this paper. This paper introduces the application of microfluidics in molecular diagnosis , immune detection and microbial pathogen testing , showing the value of this technology in meeting challenges posed by clinical laboratory medicine .Opportunities and challenges of microfluidic IVD technology under the new situation were also discussed.The authors believe this technology will play a great role in promoting the improvement of clinical laboratory technology .
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Resumen Acerca de las ciudades se generan discursos que parten de cifras sobre el crecimiento demográfico y espacial, la multiplicación y caos del transporte, las dificultades para desplazarse en espacios públicos y los problemas ambientales, ante los cuales son pocos los aportes novedosos por hacer En este artículo de investigación se abordan los procesos de la configuración del paisaje urbano de la ciudad Santiago de Cali, Colombia, desde una perspectiva crítica y genealógica que permita multiplicar el sentido de lo urbano, del paisaje y del espacio para construir el concepto de una ciudad humanamente habitable, emplazada bajo la rehabilitación de la singularidad y la complejidad. Metodológicamente, se realiza una revisión bibliográfica que abarca dos perspectivas, una histórica y una crítico-genealógica. Se encontró que el problema fundamental para la construcción de una ciudad subjetiva no es de carácter técnico ni científico sino ético-político, de las formas del hombre ser y conducirse en el mundo. Se concluye que la tarea consiste en realizar un análisis crítico del racionalismo tecnicista, es decir de la ideología urbanística, de la tecnocracia de lo urbano, y reflexionar sobre la posibilidad de pensar en un concepto amplio de ciudad que involucre la multiplicidad humana.
Abstract About the cities are generated speeches that depart from figures on the demographic and spatial growth, the multiplication and chaos of the transport, the difficulties to move in public spaces and the environmental problems, to which are few the new contributions to be made. This research article addresses the processes of the configuration of the urban landscape of the city of Santiago de Cali, Colombia, from a critical and genealogical perspective that allows to multiply the sense of the urban, the landscape and the space to build the concept of a humanly livable city, located under the rehabilitation of singularity and complexity. Methodologically, a bibliographical review is carried out covering two perspectives, a historical and a genealogical-critical. It was found that the fundamental problem for the construction of a subjective city is neither technical nor scientific but ethical-political, of the forms of the man to be and to be led in the world. It was concluded that the task is to carry out a critical analysis of technicist rationalism, that is, the urbanistic ideology, the technocracy of the urban, and reflect on the possibility of thinking of a broad concept of city that involves the human multiplicity.
Resumo Sobre as cidades, os discursos são gerados com base em números sobre o crescimento demográfico e espacial, a multiplicação e o caos dos transportes, as dificuldades de movimentação em espaços públicos e problemas ambientais, antes das quais há poucas contribuições inovadoras a serem feitas. Neste artigo de pesquisa, os processos de configuração da paisagem urbana da cidade de Santiago de Cali, Colômbia, são abordados a partir de uma perspectiva crítica e genealógica que permite multiplicar o sentido do urbano, da paisagem e do espaço para construir o conceito de uma cidade humanamente habitável, localizada sob a reabilitação da singularidade e complexidade. Metodologicamente, é realizada uma revisão bibliográfica que abrange duas perspectivas, uma histórica e uma crítica-genealógica. Verificou-se que o problema fundamental para a construção de uma cidade subjetiva não é técnico ou científico, mas ético-político, dos caminhos do ser e da conduta do homem no mundo. Conclui-se que a tarefa consiste em realizar uma análise crítica do racionalismo técnico, isto é, da ideologia urbanística, da tecnocracia do urbano e refletir sobre a possibilidade de pensar sobre um conceito amplo de uma cidade que envolve a multiplicidade humana.
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With the rapid development of Chinese materia medica (CMM) industry, ecological problems brought by CMM wastes in the process of industrialization of traditional Chinese medicine have become increasingly serious. This article analyzes the pattern of CMM wastes resource utilization deeply based on the externality theory of economics, theory of circular economy and value innovation. It comes up with trinity comprehensive utilization mode, which is the combination of extensive low utilization mode, conversion efficiency utilization mode, and high value-added utilization mode. Finally it puts forward specific measures in the process of industrialization of CMM waste resources development technology and resources management value-added.
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Bletillae striata is an important Chinese materia medica of traditional whitening recipe. This paper systematically expounded the traditional theory and modern pharmacological research of whitening from multiple perspectives for B. striata, such as Chinese medicine theory in whitening and its historical evolution, modern biological and pharmacological mechanism studies of whitening, and the related chemical composition in B. striata for "white treat black". And then, the industrial development idea of B. striata was initially proposed. This research provided an important idea and reference for the development and industrialization of B. striata whitening effect.
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Health science popularization industrialization is a necessary choice for the development of health popularization business.However,in the process of health science popularization industrialization,there exists certain difficulties to balance the contradiction between profitability and public welfare.In theory,the public welfare goal of health science popularization can be realized by industrial profitability means;therefore,the ethical dilemma about it can be solved.In the policy practice,the government may be the main body of the health popularization while profit-making organizations may carry out the health popularization.The government can promote the health popularization industrialization by purchasing health popularization from the relative organizations.
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In order to alleviate the discomforts induced by the invasive manipulation of acupuncture, improve the acceptability of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy and promote the application of it in healthcare, the research team developed the non-traumatic-pain acupuncture-moxibustion apparatus for disease treatment and prevention as well as healthcare, such as crude herbal moxibustion plus cupping device (cupping device), the healthcare cloth for warming the governor vessel (healthcare cloth) and the governor vessel intelligent diagnosis apparatus (diagnosis apparatus). Cupping device was developed through the integration of crude herb extract for moxibustion and silica gel, which is used specially on the governor vessel, Jiaji (EX-B2) and the bladder meridian of food-for chronic disorders and healthcare. The healthcare cloth was prepared with hi-tech thermal material and on the basis ofnourishment of the governor vessel, acting on warming, benefitingand promotingcirculation. It is applicable for the people of 7 body constitutions, such as neutral constitution,deficiency constitution anddeficiency constitution to regulate the body constitution. The diagnosis apparatus integrates the functions of diagnosis and treatment as well as data analysis, implying the future of "internet+" medical development of TCM. The industrialization of non-traumatic-pain acupuncture-moxibustion apparatus should be guided under the national policy and use fully the advantage of internet so as to maintain and promote the people's health through the industry-university-research cooperation.
ABSTRACT
Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix, the underground part of Notopterygium incisum and N. franchetii, is used as a classical traditional Chinese medicine, and as raw materials for 262 Chinese patent drugs production in 694 pharmaceutical factories currently. It plays an important role in the whole Chinese medicine industry with irreplaceable important economic and social values. However, wild resource of was abruptly depleted, and large-scale artificial cultivation has been inapplicable. In this study, Utilization history and the industrialization status of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix were summarized. Resource distribution, ecological suitability of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix and core technologies for seeds production, seedling breeding, large-scale cultivation has been reported by current studies, and basic conditions are already available for industrialization production of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix. However, there still some key technical problems need to be solved in the further research, and some policy dimensions need to be focused on in the coming industrialization cultivation of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix.
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Este artigo discute a patologização dos lares brasileiros como estratégia dos publicitários e anunciantes para convencer as donas de casa de que a solução dos problemas com insetos era o consumo de produtos industrializados. Eletrodomésticos, inseticidas e produtos de limpeza eram oferecidos como capazes de transformar as casas “doentes” em ambientes higiênicos e saudáveis. Nos anos de 1940 a 1960, o Brasil buscava consolidar seu parque industrial e seu mercado consumidor, o que tornava necessário substituir as soluções caseiras e tradicionais por produtos ditos modernos. O argumento deste trabalho é que essa oferta de soluções modernas para os problemas de manutenção de um lar salubre encontrou uma cultura da higiene já estabelecida nas classes médias urbanas brasileiras.
This paper discusses pathologization of the Brazilian homes as a strategy of media advertising to convince housewives that manufactured products were the most efficient resources to deal with domestic insects. Appliances, insecticides and cleaning products were offered as being capable of turning “sick” houses into hygienic and healthy environments. From 1940s to 1960s Brazil tried to consolidate its industrial park. As part of this process a market of so-called modern consumer goods were supposed to replace homemade and traditional solutions. This study argues that those modern solutions aimed at maintaining a healthy house found a culture of hygiene already established among Brazilian urban middle classes.
En este artículo se analiza la “patologización” de los hogares brasileños como estrategia publicitaria para convencer a las amas de casa respecto a que los insectos domésticos podían ser eficazmente combatidos con el consumo de productos electrodomésticos, insecticidas y artículos de limpieza. De las décadas del ’40 a los ‘60 Brasil buscó consolidar su parque industrial y un mercado de consumo que apuntaba a remplazar las soluciones caseras y tradicionales por nuevos y modernos productos que prometían convertir hogares percibidos como enfermos en ambientes higiénicos y saludables. El argumento central del trabajo subraya que esta oferta de soluciones modernas frente a los desafíos de gestionar un ambiente hogareño sano operó sobre una cultura de la higiene que ya estaba bien establecida entre las clases medias urbanas brasileñas.
Subject(s)
Hygiene , Sanitizing Products , BrazilABSTRACT
Abstract In this study we determined the concentration of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the water lower São Francisco River basin, to evaluate the influence of urbanization and industrialization on environmental changes in the water resource. All samples were analyzed using the IUPAC adapted method and processed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The sampling stations located near the industrial areas were influenced by industrialization because they presented higher concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Cu. The other sampled locations showed changes with regard the trace elements probably originating in the soil, like Fe, Zn and Pb. There was a gradual increase in the concentrations of metals, in general, in the period of highest rainfall of the hydrographic network. Overall, except for Zn and Mn, the trace elements exceeded the maximum allowed value established by national legislation (CONAMA). Lower São Francisco River basin has suffered interference from urbanization and industrialization, so awareness programs should be developed so as to control and lessen future problems.
Resumo Neste trabalho foi determinada a concentração dos metais (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn) na água do submédio Rio São Francisco para avaliar a influência da urbanização e da industrialização nas modificações ambientais do recurso hídrico. Todas as amostras foram analisadas usando o método IUPAC adaptado e processados em um espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As estações de amostragem localizadas próximas às áreas industriais sofreram influência da industrialização por apresentarem concentrações mais elevadas de Cd, Cr, Ni e Cu. Os demais locais amostrados apresentaram modificações com relação aos elementos traços de provável origem sedimentar como Fe, Zn e Pb. Houve aumento gradativo nas concentrações dos metais, de forma geral, no período de maior pluviosidade da rede hidrográfica. Em geral, com exceção do Zn e Mn, os elementos traços ultrapassaram o valor máximo permitido, estabelecido pela legislação nacional (CONAMA). O submédio Rio São Francisco tem sofrido interferência da urbanização e industrialização, por isso, é preciso que, programas de conscientização sejam estabelecidos, para controlar e amenizar problemas futuros.
Subject(s)
Seasons , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Rivers/chemistry , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Trace Elements/analysis , Urbanization , Brazil , Environmental Monitoring , Industrial DevelopmentABSTRACT
The policies implemented in Colombia for the past 40 years addressing domestic production have focused on the promotion of industrialization and increasing economic growth. These policies boosted production in different areas including livestock and monoculture cultivation. However, alongside this increasing productivity is the transformation of the landscape and disappearance of local knowledge that continues to be ignored by the global market. This paper analyzes the changing landscape brought about by the expansion of livestock production and industrialization of agriculture in rural areas of Chocontá, Cundinamarca emphasizing on local people's perspectives. Using semi-structured interviews, life history elicitation, farm visits and activity recall during their waking hours, the paper presents how agricultural knowledge is "lost" and how new species and varieties of plants are introduced as well as how traditional crops "disappeared" because of these economic changes. In addition, the paper also examines how small-scale farmers negotiate their socio-economic conditions in order to survive, given the limited options they have. The impact on gender roles is also examined. It shows that because of the transformation, small-scale farmers are confronted with economic dilemmas that change the traditional activities related to gender roles. Women for example, are no longer contained in private spheres, but are also working outside the households, sometimes even being preferred to men to work as laborers in large farms. The paper concludes with the discussion of the future visions of local people about the transformation of their area as well as its implications on the future of rural Chocontá.
Las políticas implementadas en Colombia durante los últimos 40 años que abordan la producción agropecuaria interna, se han centrado en la promoción de la industrialización y el aumento del crecimiento económico. Estas políticas impulsaron la producción en diferentes áreas, incluyendo la ganadería y la producción de monocultivo. Sin embargo, junto a este aumento de la productividad se ha dado la transformación del paisaje y la desaparición de conocimientos locales, aspectos que continúan siendo ignorados por el mercado global. En este trabajo se analiza la transformación del paisaje provocado por la expansión de la ganadería y la industrialización de la agricultura en las zonas rurales de Chocontá (Cundinamarca) desde las perspectivas de la población local. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, colección de historias de vida, visitas a las fincas y recuento de las actividades diarias, este artículo presenta que por causa de estos cambios económicos se están perdiendo conocimientos locales en agricultura, así como la desaparición de cultivos tradicionales y también cómo se han introducido nuevas especies y variedades de plantas. Además, el documento examina cómo los campesinos negocian sus condiciones socioeconómicas, dadas las limitadas opciones que tienen para sobrevivir. También, se indaga el impacto en los roles de género, que manifiesta que debido a la transformación de producción los pequeños agricultores se enfrentan con el dilema económico que cambia las actividades tradicionales relacionadas con los roles de género. Por ejemplo, las mujeres ya no se encuentran solamente en el ámbito privado, también están trabajando por fuera de los hogares, incluso algunas veces las prefieren para trabajar como jornaleras en las fincas grandes. El documento concluye con la discusión de las futuras visiones de la población local acerca de la transformación de su zona, así como sus implicaciones en el futuro de lo Chocontá rural.
Subject(s)
Humans , Industrial Development , Agriculture , Livestock Industry , Gender IdentityABSTRACT
Objective: To study and analyze the waste reutilization in the process of Chinese materia medica (CMM) resources industrialization, in order to provide countermeasures and suggestions for the protection of CMM resources and promote the sustainable development of CMM industry. Methods: Using circular economics to explain the circular pattern and policy mechanism of green development economy that will promote the waste reutilization of CMM. Results: Waste generated from CMM resources industrialization pollutes the ecological environment seriously, forming the bearing pressure of environment, and the key to the development of CMM resources is to solve the problem of the negative externality caused by waste generated in the process of CMM resources industrialization. Conclusion: Promoting the waste reutilization of CMM should establish the green economic network system which is essential to the development of CMM industry and promote green technology innovation with green policy system which is conducive towards green road, and it makes environmental protection combining organically with the efficient use of CMM resources.
ABSTRACT
Lycii Fructus is a traditional medicinal and edible herb, with the function of liver and kidney nourishing, blood and eyesight replenishing. As the most important active substance in the fruits of Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) have been demonstrated to play multiple pharmacological activities, with broad prospects for development and utilization. Based on the comprehensive deep analysis of global LBP patent output, the current patent LBP features were explored from the perspective of development trend, technology field distribution, time dimension, technology life curve and patent applicant. The development trend of Chinese LBP industry was also revealed. At present, the research and development of LBP is in the "development period", with a good development track in which the main research institutions remain domestic ones. At the same time, problem still presents in the lack of industrialization, which means that the advantage of natural resources has not been transformed into industrial advantages of LBP. The format of potential product group and prospect of LBP were also analyzed to provide scientific information for the effective development,comprehensive utilization and collaborative innovation mechanism of Chinese Lycium barbarum resources and LBP.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to estimate the incidence trend of head injury and the mortality based on traffic accident statistics and to investigate the impacts of rapid industrialization and economic growth on epidemiology of head injury in Korea over the period 1970-2012 including both pre-industrialized and post-industrialized stages. METHODS: We collected data of head injury estimated from traffic accident statistics and seven hospital based reports to see incidence trends between 1970 and 2012. We also investigated the population structure and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of Korea over the same period. The age specific data were investigated from 1992 to 2012. RESULTS: The incidence of head injury gradually rose in the 1970s and the 1980s but stabilized until the 1990s with transient rise and then started to decline slowly in the 2000s. The mortality grew until 1991 but gradually declined ever since. However, the old age groups showed rather slight increase in both rates. The degree of decrease in the mortality has been more rapid than the incidence on head injury. CONCLUSION: In Korea during the low income stage, rapid industrialization cause considerable increase in the mortality and the incidence of head injury. During the high income stage, the incidence of head injury gradually declined and the mortality dropped more rapidly than the incidence due to preventive measures and satisfactory medical care. Nevertheless, the old age groups revealed rather slight increase in both rates owing to the large population structure and the declining birth rate.
Subject(s)
Humans , Accidents, Traffic , Birth Rate , Craniocerebral Trauma , Economic Development , Epidemiology , Head , Incidence , Korea , Mortality , Industrial DevelopmentABSTRACT
Objective: To study the difficult extraction technology of Arctii Fructus in separation of arctigenin industrialization, which provides a practical preparation technology suitable for arctigenin industrialization in order to promote the industrialization development of arctigenin. Methods: Arctii Fructus was hydrolyzed by acid hydrolysis and alcohol extraction. Then the crude product was separated by ethyl acetate extraction. Finally the pure product of arctigenin was obtained through ethanol crystallization. Results: We obtained the crude product which the purity was more than 75.0% by simple extraction and separation. The finished product was crystallized with anhydrous ethanol until the purity of arctigenin is more than 99.0%. Conclusion: This study obtains a suitable process for arctigenin industrialization preparation.
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As a precious Chinese medicinal resource, the antler, bone, flesh, and blood of Elaphurus davidianus (elk) have been used in Chinese medicine for over 2 000 years. However, they had been out of use for more than 100 years since the deer was extinct in the wild in China. Nowadays, as the reintroduction of elk population in China, they have increased rapidly and aroused a great interest in studies on the protection and utilization of biological resources. Based on analysis of the development and conservation of the elk resources, the strategies of resources industrialization of elk biological resources were put forward. Firstly, the combination by development model of wild domestication and artificial breeding should be established. Secondly, basic researches on the rational utilization of the elk resources need to be carried out. Thirdly, a series of products originated from Milu resources should be developed. All these strategies could promote the resources industrialization of elk in agriculture, industry, commerce, health care products, food, cosmetics, and industrial processing equipment and technology of Chinese medicine. They could also guide and promote the comprehensive utilization and protection of elk biological resources for sustainable development.
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The resource utilization of castoff from Chinese materia medica (CMM) industrialization is an important measure to effectively improve the efficiency of resource utilization, save resources, recycle economy, and develop environment-friendly economy. Based on the conversion efficiency of resource utilization model of castoff from CMM industrialization, this article mentions the non-aqueous biotransformation method of herb-medicine castoff, discusses the suited non-aqueous biotransformation systems, and introduces the screening and application of organic-solvent-tolerant extremophiles and enzymes. This article points out that non-aqueous biotransfornation technology is a breakthrough in the resource utilization of castoff from CMM industrialization, and it would promote the realization of herb-medicine castoff resource utilization.